| Title |
The complex evolutionary history of the tympanic middle ear in frogs and toads (Anura)
|
|---|---|
| Published in |
Scientific Reports, September 2016
|
| DOI | 10.1038/srep34130 |
| Pubmed ID | |
| Authors |
Martín O. Pereyra, Molly C. Womack, J. Sebastián Barrionuevo, Boris L. Blotto, Diego Baldo, Mariane Targino, Jhon Jairo Ospina-Sarria, Juan M. Guayasamin, Luis A. Coloma, Kim L. Hoke, Taran Grant, Julián Faivovich |
| Abstract |
Most anurans possess a tympanic middle ear (TME) that transmits sound waves to the inner ear; however, numerous species lack some or all TME components. To understand the evolution of these structures, we undertook a comprehensive assessment of their occurrence across anurans and performed ancestral character state reconstructions. Our analysis indicates that the TME was completely lost at least 38 independent times in Anura. The inferred evolutionary history of the TME is exceptionally complex in true toads (Bufonidae), where it was lost in the most recent common ancestor, preceding a radiation of >150 earless species. Following that initial loss, independent regains of some or all TME structures were inferred within two minor clades and in a radiation of >400 species. The reappearance of the TME in the latter clade was followed by at least 10 losses of the entire TME. The many losses and gains of the TME in anurans is unparalleled among tetrapods. Our results show that anurans, and especially bufonid toads, are an excellent model to study the behavioural correlates of earlessness, extratympanic sound pathways, and the genetic and developmental mechanisms that underlie the morphogenesis of TME structures. |
X Demographics
The data shown below were collected from the profiles of 18 X users who shared this research output. Click here to find out more about how the information was compiled.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Ecuador | 5 | 28% |
| United States | 3 | 17% |
| Canada | 1 | 6% |
| Unknown | 9 | 50% |
Demographic breakdown
| Type | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Scientists | 9 | 50% |
| Members of the public | 8 | 44% |
| Science communicators (journalists, bloggers, editors) | 1 | 6% |
Mendeley readers
The data shown below were compiled from readership statistics for 127 Mendeley readers of this research output. Click here to see the associated Mendeley record.
Geographical breakdown
| Country | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Brazil | 1 | <1% |
| Unknown | 126 | 99% |
Demographic breakdown
| Readers by professional status | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Student > Bachelor | 25 | 20% |
| Researcher | 18 | 14% |
| Student > Ph. D. Student | 14 | 11% |
| Student > Doctoral Student | 9 | 7% |
| Student > Master | 7 | 6% |
| Other | 22 | 17% |
| Unknown | 32 | 25% |
| Readers by discipline | Count | As % |
|---|---|---|
| Agricultural and Biological Sciences | 59 | 46% |
| Environmental Science | 8 | 6% |
| Earth and Planetary Sciences | 6 | 5% |
| Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | 5 | 4% |
| Neuroscience | 3 | 2% |
| Other | 10 | 8% |
| Unknown | 36 | 28% |
Attention Score in Context
This research output has an Altmetric Attention Score of 18. This is our high-level measure of the quality and quantity of online attention that it has received. This Attention Score, as well as the ranking and number of research outputs shown below, was calculated when the research output was last mentioned on 22 August 2019.
All research outputs
#2,005,806
of 25,376,589 outputs
Outputs from Scientific Reports
#18,288
of 140,068 outputs
Outputs of similar age
#34,409
of 331,651 outputs
Outputs of similar age from Scientific Reports
#516
of 3,527 outputs
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